We start with reminding basic molecular structures (Crick dogma, genetic code etc.) in living entities and classical examples of the mathematical thought in genetic (Darwin, Mendel, Morgan, Sturtevant, trees of sequences…) and the traditional discussion/controversy on the nature of Life.
Then we present a mathematical counterpart to the question “What is Life?”, indicate possible role of mathematics in the future bioengineering and conclude with the current and projected numerical data on the human role in ecology of Earth.