In the first four decades of the twentieth century, the interactions among black policy gamblers, politicians, entertainers, and athletes were intricate and constantly evolving. A significant aspect was the enduring connection between policy gamblers and the emerging political organizations within the ghetto. Prior to World War I, black policy operators and gambling house owners relied on white politicians for their political ties, and they could only operate policy wheels in partnership with white associates. However, in the 1920s, there was a shift as black policy gamblers became aligned with black politicians and began operating independent policy wheels. This change marked a new era in their relationship and influence within the political and gambling realms.

#Bronzeville #southside #chicago #policykings #syndicate #black #gang #gangster #johnmushmouthjohnson #julianblack #oscarfepriest #danjackson #policysam #gambling