Ever wondered how the bootloader makes its way onto a chip for the first time? Drum roll... ICSP! (In-Circuit Serial Programming). Certain devices can connect to the SPI pins of a microcontroller and forcibly flash code onto the chip. As someone learning firmware development, you will inevitably need to program a microcontroller without using a bootloader. If you are trying to flash an AVR microcontroller and have a spare Arduino lying around, there's no need to go buy an ICSP, because you can just turn another Arduino into one!

[ELEGOO UNO R3 Board]
https://amzn.to/3HYkCVu

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