Thermoelectric coolers are solid-state heat pumps that require a heat exchanger to dissipate heat utilizing the Peltier Effect. During operation, DC current flows through the thermoelectric cooler to create heat transfer and a temperature differential across the ceramic substrates, causing one side of the thermoelectric cooler to be cold, while the other side is hot. A standard single-stage thermoelectric cooler can achieve temperature differentials of up to 70°C.

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