Austria-Hungary was the second-largest state in Europe for half a century, but it functioned unlike any other. Austria and Hungary operated as separate entities in almost all situations, united only in allegiance to a shared monarch: the Emperor-King Franz Joseph I, penultimate head of the House of Habsburg.

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Sources Consulted:
Kardum, Livia, and Bruno Korea Gajski. “The 1903 Crisis of Dualism in Austria-Hungary” Politička misao 49, no. 2 (2012): 97–123.

Miller, Stuart T. Mastering Modern European History. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 1990.

Péter, Laszlo. Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective. Leiden: BRILL, 2012.

Shepherd, William R. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1911.

Tihany, Leslie C. “The Austro-Hungarian Compromise, 1867-1918: A Half Century of Diagnosis; Fifty Years of Post-Mortem” Central European History 2, no. 2 (1969): 114–138.

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