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The automotive industry is constantly evolving, from electric vehicles to the most futuristic hydrogen cars; a sector which is trying to lead mobility into a fossil free world without oil for instance.
Guiding an entire society into a sustainable mobility is very difficult, but hybrids are coming to help us doing so. These vehicles combine the best technology from endothermic engines and electric motorization.
In this video we will explain how hybrid cars are classified and how they work.

Jaes, which for over a decade has been in the industrial supplies business has become a reference partner of the major companies in the automotive industry.
A hybrid car is a vehicle which has two propulsion systems:
- an endothermic engine, which can be powered by diesel or petrol
- and a high energy-efficient electric engine.


There are many kinds of hybrid cars but, before understanding how they work, let’s see the main types:
- Firstly we find Mild hybrid, known also as PHEV, it seems a normal combustion engine car, but owns a small electric engine that supports the thermic one in several tasks, such as standing starts for example, or with low gears.
- Next we find Full hybrid, which combines the engine power together with the electric one, with this type of car it is possible to travel fully electric, but considering its not so capacious battery just few kilometres can be covered without using the combustion engine.
- Next we have Full hybrid cars, which combines the thermic engine power with the electric one; with this type of car it is possible to travel in fully electric mode, but considering the small capacity of the battery just a few kilometres can be covered without using the combustion engine.
- Finally we find Plug-In hybrid, the most common and promising technology; it has the same characteristics of the Full hybrid version, but the size and capability of battery is much bigger, allowing the car to travel fully electric for even 50/70 kilometres. Moreover the batteries can be charged externally with a special power cable.


Beyond these macro categories, we may add another classification, which analyses the hybrid platforms, or better said, how the different propulsion systems interact within each other.
- Firstly there are Parallel Hybrids, in which both conventional and electric motors give traction to the driving wheels at the same time or by taking turns, they are connected within each other by a special transmission (gearbox) that makes them interact (efficiently) in the best way possible.
- There are also Serial Hybrids; this special platform works differently from the previous examples: The electric motor provides motion to the wheels, while the small petrol engine gives energy to the electric one, through a generator.
Now that we have seen the different Hybrid cars typologies, let’s see how these particular vehicles work, taking into consideration the latest generation of Plug-In Hybrids.


As we’ve seen before, hybrid cars are made of two propulsion systems, an endothermic engine and an electric one, that, working together or individually, make the car to move; this particular setup makes the vehicle mechanics to result more complex compared to the traditional type.
In the front of a hybrid car is placed the traditional combustion engine, which can be powered by petrol or diesel, in this case an inline 4-cylinders one.
Right by its side is found the electrical engine, specifically a permanent magnet synchronous motor; this type of engine ensures a very stable and accurate rotation speed. By using an inverter, for the engine start, and an ESC, or electronic stability control, the motor can adjust its speed. The ESC can also provide the engine rotation inversion and the dynamic braking. The dynamic braking, also known as regenerative braking, makes the car to store energy when the brake is in use thanks to the help coming from the electric engine, a clever solution that enables the batteries to extend its own autonomy. If you want to know more about this topic, watch our previous video.


Next to the electric motor is the generator, it has the same characteristics of electric engine used give power to the car, but in this case it is used to store energy instead.