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In the very south of Egypt, in the temple of Abu Simbel, a wall / mural relief tells the story of one of the first great battles of history, the Battle of Kadesh. The victory of the Egyptian ruler Ramesses II was elaborately staged: Several depictions along the Nile from present-day Luxor to Abydos tell of the great deeds he is said to have performed at Kadesh in present-day Syria. What he really did, however, has not been completely resolved to this day. In this video, we look at how the Bronze Age brought about an unprecedented escalation of warfare. We investigate when exactly large armies entered the stage of history and how they evolved into formidable forces like the one of Ramesses II.

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00:00-02:50 Intro / Battle of Kadesh
02:50-10:53 First Armies
10:53-17:03 First Empires
17:03-20:44 Grand Strategy of Egypt (Old Kingdom)
20:44-25:08 Grand Strategy of Egypt (Middle Kingdom)
25:08-28:43 Grand Strategy of Egypt (New Kingdom)
28:43-30:10 Epilogue

#history #documentary #education

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Bibliography:
Archer, Christon I./Ferris, John R./Herwig, Holger H./Travers, Timothy H. E., World History of Warfare, Lincoln 2002.
Ferril, Arther, The Origins of War. From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great, London 1997.
Fibiger Bang, Peter/Scheidel, Walter, The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, Oxford 2013.
Frayne, Douglas R.: The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early Periods II: Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC), Toronto 1993
Hoffmeier, James K., "The Walls of the Ruler" in Egyptian Literature and the Archaeological Record: Investigating Egypt's Eastern Frontier in the Bronze Age, in: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 343 (2006), pp. 1-20.
Horn, Christian/Kristiansen, Kristian, Introducing Bronze Age Warfare, in: ead. (eds.), Warfare in Bronze Age Society, Cambridge 2018.
Horn, Christian/Barry Molloy, Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Bronze Age Europe, in: Fagan, Garret et al. (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Violence, vol. 1: The Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds, Cambridge 2020.
Roy, Kauschik, A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare. Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE-1500 CE, London/New York 2022.
LeBlanc, Steven, The Origins of Warfare and Violence, in: The Cambridge World History of Violence vol. 1: The Prehistoric and Ancient World, pp 39-57.
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders/Griffith, F. Ll./Mace, Arthur Cruttenden, Deshasheh, Diospolis Parva, Athribis, s. p. (Plate IV), New York 1897.