An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used to protect closed water heating systems and domestic hot water systems from excessive pressure.
The tank is partially filled with air, whose compressibility cushions shock caused by water hammer and absorbs excess water pressure caused by thermal expansion.
The modern vessel is a small container or tank divided in two by a rubber diaphragm. One side is connected to the pipe work of the heating system and therefore contains water. The other, the dry side, contains air under pressure, and normally a Schrader valve (car-tire type valve stem) for checking pressures and adding air when needed. When the heating system is empty or at the low end of the normal range of working pressure, the diaphragm is pushed against the water inlet; as the water pressure increases, the diaphragm moves, compressing the air on its other side.
An older style of expansion tank was larger, oriented horizontally, and had no rubber diaphragm separating the water from the air pocket. This now-obsolete style would gradually transfer air from the tank to the highest point in the system, due to air dissolving in the water, and then coming out of solution elsewhere in the system. This in turn required periodic draining of the expansion tank, as well as periodic bleeding of unwanted air from other sections of the system, to maintain its effectiveness.
The rubber diaphragm in modern expansion tanks prevents this undesired transfer of air, and helps maintain low levels of dissolved oxygen within the pipes, reducing corrosion in the system.
When expansion tanks are used in domestic hot water (DHW) systems, the tank and the diaphragm must conform to drinking water regulations and must be capable of accommodating the required volume of water.
In the past, domestic plumbing systems often contained more air than they do currently, and the trapped air acted as a crude expansion buffer. In new and upgraded systems, expansion tanks are designed in and installed more frequently than in the past.
Similar devices are used in large-scale pumping stations, where they may be called an expansion chamber or a hydrophore, to maintain an even pressure and to reduce the effects of water hammer.

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