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Few military inventions of the Middle Ages have fascinated historians and history buffs more than the mysterious incendiary known as Greek fire. This infamous Byzantine weapon has often been compared to modern flame-throwers, and its Arab counterpart, which was thrown in small round pots, to hand grenades. To this day, however, the substance itself and how it was deployed are shrouded in myth despite extensive research and testing – although many articles and videos here on YouTube and elsewhere suggest the opposite. Here is what we know and don’t know about the liquid fire of the middle-ages.

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Pryor, J. H. and Jeffreys, E. M., Age of the DROMON: The Byzantine Navy, ca. 500-1204. Leiden 2006.
Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore 1999.
Madgearu, A., s. v. “Greek Fire” in: Clifford J. Rogers (ed), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010.
Leo VI, The Taktika of Leo VI. Ed. and trans. George T. Dennis. Dumbarton Oaks Texts, 12. Washington: 2010.
Pryor, J. H. and Jeffreys, E. M., Age of the DROMON: The Byzantine Navy, ca. 500-1204. Leiden 2006.
John H. Haldon, Maurice Byrne, A possible solution of the Greek Fire. In: Byzantinische Zeitschrift 70 (1977).
DeVries, K./ Smith, R. D., Medieval Military Technology, Toronto 2012.