Dr. Rhonda Patrick speaks with Dr. Valter Longo, a professor of gerontology and biological sciences and director of the longevity institute at the University of Southern California. Dr. Longo has made huge contributions to the field of aging, including the role of fasting and diet in longevity and healthspan in humans as well as metabolic fasting therapies for the treatment of human diseases.

EPISODE LINKS:
Show notes and transcript: https://www.foundmyfitness.com/episod...
"The Longevity Diet" Book: https://amzn.to/2zvxz8n
Dr. Valter Longo's faculty page: https://gero.usc.edu/faculty/longo/
ProLon FMD: http://www.prolonfmd.com/

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Chapters:
00:00:00 - Introduction
00:01:00 - fasting-mimicking diet
00:04:40 - Stem cell regeneration
00:09:26 - Inflammation and aging
00:14:28 - Fasting-mimicking diet in the hospital setting
00:18:48 - Sensitizing cancer cells to death
00:32:35 - Meal timing and frequency
00:38:38 - Inducing autophagy
00:42:01 - Autoimmune, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease
00:48:38 - Physiological mechanism
00:54:58 - Spermidine and resveratrol
01:00:44 - Metformin
01:03:25 - growth hormone & IGF-1 pathway
01:10:53 - Exercise

In this conversation, Rhonda and Valter discuss...
• The effects of prolonged fasting, which refers to 2-3 day fasting intervals in mice and 4-5 days in humans.
• Dr. Longo’s work on the fasting-mimicking diet, which is 5 day restricted diet that is meant to simulate some of the biological effects of prolonged fasting while still allowing some food.
• How clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for this diet for type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer patients.
• Fasting as an inducer of differential stress resistance, where it can simultaneously make cancer cells more sensitive to death while also making healthy cells more resistant to these same death stimuli (such as chemotherapy) which might otherwise induce cell death amongst healthy cells as collateral damage.
• Fasting as a biological state which humans historically experienced with extreme regularity and we may ultimately need in order to mitigate various disease states.
• The effects of prolonged fasting on the immune system, namely, how it clears away damaged white blood cells via autophagy and how this causes hematopoietic stem cells to self renew and make more stem cells and also produce new blood cells to fully replenish the white blood cell population.
• How prolonged fasting causes a shift in the immune cell population towards one that is more representative of youth by normalizing the ratio of myeloid cells to lymphoid cells.
• The positive effects of prolonged fasting and the fasting-mimicking diet on markers of systemic inflammation, blood glucose levels and other aging biomarkers.
• The conclusions of Dr. Longo & Dr. Marcus Bock’s research comparing 1 week of the fasting-mimicking diet followed by 6 months of mediterranean diet to six months of a ketogenic diet in people with multiple sclerosis.
• The strange, somewhat paradoxical role of autophagy genes in cancer progression and some of the open questions surrounding the exact role that these genes are playing.
• Dr. Longo’s high level thoughts on metformin as an anti-aging drug.
• How the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis is one of the most important genetic pathways in aging from yeast to worms to mice to humans.

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