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Adaptation is the capacity for a system to change its state in response to some change within its environment. An adaptive system is a system that can change given some external perturbation, and this is done in order to improve or maintain its condition within an environment by modifying its state.

Complex adaptive systems are all around us from financial markets to ecosystems to the human immune system. These systems consist of many actors that are acting, reacting, and adapting to each other's behavior, out of this often chaotic set of interactions emerges global patterns of organization in a dynamic world of constant change and evolution where little is fixed & determined.