Explore how to solve Punnett squares that involve sex-linked traits, specifically focusing on X-linked traits. Video has a resource available here https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts This 2023 UPDATED sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video has more detail and improved art from the old 2015 Punnett squares and sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video.
OLD VIDEO:    • Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits...  
-----------
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:49 Sex Chromosomes
2:25 Solving Sex Linked Punnett Square Problem
5:40 Five Things to Keep in Mind
-------------
TEXTBOOK REFERENCES

Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits.

Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.

----------------------------------------
ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION
*More info on Hemophilia: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia...

*More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health...

*Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine:
NIH: https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
Yale School of Medicine: https://medicine.yale.edu/news-articl...

*Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/se...

^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender.

*This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case.
Examples:
XXY: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...

----------------------------------------
FURTHER EXPLORATION
1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names?
From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-dete...

2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied.

*Genetic Risk Factors: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama...

*Recent News regarding Preeclampsia:
FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: https://www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...

*Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: https://www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...

3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square:

Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics:
https://theconversation.com/how-birds...

Platypus:
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas...

-----------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. More here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos

Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us

Menu of resources that complement our videos! https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...

Biology Video Playlist:    • Amoeba Sisters Biology Learning Playlist  
GIFs: https://www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Comics: https://www.amoebasisters.com/paramec...
Unlectured Series: https://www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured

Facebook:   / amoebasisters  
Webtoon: https://www.webtoons.com/en/challenge...
Instagram:   / amoebasistersofficial  
TikTok:   / amoebasistersofficial  

Visit our Redbubble store at https://www.amoebasisters.com/store

MUSIC:
Intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library.

TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal

We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. We also have videos using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility.

Visit https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...