Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.

Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes

* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...

Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!

Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e....

Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)

A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
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